The idea that people commit crime after weighing risks and rewards.

• A. Deterrence theory
• B. Routine activity theory
• C. Strain theory
• D. Rational choice theory

Answer: (D)

Rational choice theory holds that people act as rational decision-makers, weighing the potential rewards of a crime against the costs and risks, such as the chance of being caught, punishment, and the effort required. If the perceived benefits exceed the perceived costs, crime is more likely to occur; if not, they choose not to offend. This frames criminal behavior as a deliberate calculation rather than solely a product of external pressures. Deterrence theory is about how the threat of punishment shapes behavior at a population level, not the moment-by-moment calculation itself. Routine activity theory focuses on the opportunity structure—the convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of guardianship—rather than the offender’s internal cost-benefit weighing. Strain theory emphasizes external pressures and blocked goals as catalysts for crime, not the payoffs and risks weighed in the decision to commit an act.