Which term refers to long-term effects such as job loss, housing issues, loss of voting rights, stigma, health problems, and family hardship?

• A. Homicide
• B. Justifiable homicide
• C. Collateral consequences of incarceration
• D. Alternate forms of crime control

Answer: (C)

Long-term post-conviction penalties are known as collateral consequences of incarceration. These are the ongoing penalties that persist beyond a sentence and can really impact reintegration, including difficulties finding and keeping a job, trouble securing housing, potential loss of voting rights in some places, social stigma, health problems, and hardship for families. The other terms don’t describe these persistent after-effects: homicide and justifiable homicide refer to causing a death, not post-conviction impacts, and alternate forms of crime control refers to strategies for reducing crime, not the lasting penalties faced by individuals after incarceration.